development

Development:                

Incamera editing is a type of editing that is done within the time of recording without editing software. For example shooting a shot with a tinted clear plastic over the lenses to give colour to a scene and to make sure it is shot perfectly. This means it’s unlikely to edit this scene much on editing software as it has the main edit done on the camera

Following the action is when the camera follows the action by maybe following a character running and could use multiple shots to follow the character. For example in the movie James bond there is a car chase where you can see the main protagonist being in a car chase with other people and this follows the exciting action because if this scene was just one shot from a distance of a few cars driving fast it wouldn’t of had the same effect on the audience as it did. Want to see this example? Here it is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsBd9tPK4uE this scene leaves the audience wanting more action and keeps them interested as they don’t know what will happen next. Different shots used in this scene as following the action make people have a wider view of the situation and brings excitement to the audience. Another example would be fast and furious 6 when the cars are in a car chase (obviously) but a tank appears onto the road making it a lot more tense and exciting for the viewer, if this one all one shot the audience wouldn’t of found it as exciting as they did when it happened in the movie, this scene is one of my favourite scenes of all time, here it is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsBd9tPK4uE

Multiple points of view- is a technique used to capture one moment with multiple shots to create a certain feeling to the audience. This could also be different points of view from people witnessing one moment for example in magnolia there is a scene when frogs start falling from the sky (don’t ask) but this scene shows multiple points of view of witnesses to this bazar moment and the different reactions giving the audience a understanding how all the characters feel about this moment.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sWJuQD0cL8

Shot variation is a variety of shots that can be used in camera production such as long shot close up medium close up extreme close up , weather shot, behind the shoulder shot, group shot etc. these shots can express emotion, show a place the movie is in and really pull in the audience in whatever direction the director wants. For example in the movie psycho would it really of been the same if there wasn’t as many shots in the shower scene? Would it really of been good? No it would have looked silly.

Manipulation of diegetic time and space is when a certain shot and action suggests something to the audience and they manipulate the shot such as in psycho the killer stabs the woman but this is only suggested as there are no actual wounds and the fast different shots in that clever scene suggests that she is being stabbed. This made the audience frightened as this had never been shown before on the screen due to violence in film being banned but this film found a loop hole and scared the audience by suggesting violence, this would of also been a big step in the editing and movie history.

Conventions and techniques

Conventions and techniques:

Seamless editing is when you combine two completely different pieces of film together to create a film so this would mean taking two parts of a movie from different moments or time and combining them together to make something smooth and ongoing.

Continuity is a set of rules in editing that are about cutting content and putting it with another piece of content and making sure it is clear to the audience and doesn’t confuse them, if it wore to it may discourage the audiences interest. These set of rules consist of:-

Establishing shot

Shot/ reverse shot

180 rule

30 rule

Crosscutting

Match on action

Eyeline match

Re-estalishing shot

And why editors use these rules? Because its easier for the audience to watch your film, the audience don’t want to be confused half way through. This is also to ensure that the movie is smooth and not jumpy.

Montage is when you combine a lot of shots and parts together to make something that makes sense to the audience but can be at complete different times and points for example the opening to hot fuzz he speaks about who he is (well mostly his carrer) and how he ends up moving from the city to a village where crime rate is presented as low. This consists of many different shots at different times to explain his story over a voice over as the montage shows what he is talking about. Want to check it out? Here is the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rBNnHlqO4cs This is my favourite movie montage, don’t ask why XD but anyway this alone showed the audience the narrative and was an amazing introduction to the movie as it explained everything clearly and only lasted a few minutes saving screen time for other things and it seems to be audiences like information given to them quickly so this would of intreged the audience right from the start and couldn’t of been done in a better way.

180 rule is a rule that is done to not confuse the audience so this rule means the camera will stay a rotate around a 180 angel reason being if it was a 360 angel it could confuse the audience or be hard to watch. For example a talking scene the camera will stay on a 180 angel as showing a close up of someone talking and then the person facing them will have the next shot as long as it’s in the 180 angel so it doesn’t look as though they are talking to themselves. The only way to change sides of the 180 is if you show the camera changing sides in which case then it is acceptable.

Transitions

Dissolving is when you change scenes by making the end dip to black, cross dissolve into the next scene or dip to white (which is rare), dissolves are a nicer way to keep a movie smooth for it to be easier to watch because if every scene ended suddenly it could confuse the audience or be hard to watch. Not only that but it could look like the next scene is out of context if editors don’t use dissolves and that makes the audience not wanting to continue the movie.

Wipe is when you clearly show black coming across the screen to the next scene or show as if the scene is a window being washed away into another scene this is commonly seen in star wars as they are famous for using this to go to the next scene. This gives the audience a clear view of what is happening and that the scene is changing.

Point of view known as POV is a shot that is in the eyes of the actor, this is famously used in hardcore henry which is a movie that is all shot in the point of view of henry and is a very clever movie and is the first of its kind and probably many to come, this shot can show the audience clearly what the actor is feeling and makes the audience feel as though they are in the movie properly. POV is in many movies but this one only has point of view and works amazingly and keeps the audience watching from how interesting it and the fact they feel like they are there.

 providing and withholding information is a clever piece of editing as the editor withholds information from the audience to leave them wanting more and to continue watching to find out what happens, this has been used in Momento which is about a man that has short term memory loss (yes like dory from finding nemo) this movie makes the audience feel as confused as the main character as he tries to figure things out, there are two different times in the movie that are mixed up for the audience to figure out and all comes together at the end so it provides us with information and keeps it away at the same time, scary but clever editing. Another example could be Donnie Darko which is a movie that provides information but withholds it and never reveals what actually happened leaving the audience to still think about it to this day, clever? Oh yes it is.

Cutting is when a editor cuts a clip from a movie shorter or in a sense of where he/she thinks it’s a good place to stop and change scene by combining another clip to the cut version. This allows the editor to make the film more interesting and flow easily in places and if not for cutting every movie would be one scene and one shot like it used to be.

Cutting to soundtrack is when a scene blends into the soundtrack being played over it as maybe being cut on certain beats to make it more comfortable for the audience or to show a very tense moment such as a car chase and ensuring the soundtrack blends with that scene if done badly this could encourage the audience to stop watching.

Editing rhythm is important within editing, this is the amount of time a shot last, the amount of time a cross fade is, the music used in shots and how long it lasts through the movie, how things blend into one another. It is basically the smoothness of the movie and how it’s presented to the audience. This is vital since if it’s done wrong it will look low budget and possibly homemade if done badly. It could also be hard to watch any other way.

Shot reverse shot is a technique used in most movies where it shows a shot of someone talking and then another shot after showing the other person talking back, we spoke about this in the 180 rule due to the rule applying to this technique, well this is used in most movies when speaking and gives the audience a clear understanding of whom is talking to whom. If they break the 180 rule then it will look like they are talking to themselves..

Crosscutting is when there is an action taking place somewhere then cuts to a scene from the same action area but will be from someone elses point of view but this usually comes together in the end, an example of this could be batman V superman when batman and superman are in the same action place fighting dooms day but in two completely different points of view, from batmans you can see doomsday and hes fighting him and then superman is about to kill dooms day and they both become one scene as superman stabs doomsday with poison making him die. This gives the audience a clear understanding of the situation and can build tension on whats going to happen.

Parallel editing is when similar scenes are taking place in different locations that relate to eachother. An example of this is someone getting arrested in one place and someone else getting arrested in another for similar reasons. This is a weird technique that keeps the audience watching.

Jump cutting is when there is something maybe being shown in a close up but then shown again in a medium close up. This can be used to make tension in a moment or to make the audience focus as much as the actor on whatever a object may be and the importance of what it is for the movie for example a painting is being shown at a mid-shot, it is the shown again with a close up on writing on the painting so the audience can read it or focus on it.

purpose (storytelling)

Engage the audience by making the story interesting and this can be done with how you edit or tell a story of a film. In Donnie darkio would it of been the same if everything made complete sense and there was no sense of mystery? no because this film interested the viewer with an amazing storyline and a big twist towards the end that leaves the audience wondering what happened, what was real, what was fake. So many questions still not answered to this day and that’s why engaging the audience is so important. The certain editing used such as music and different cuts, sgi etc made the film work without that then the film wouldn’t of had the same effect that it did on the audience.

Developing drama in a film is how you develop tension to a moment that is about to happen, a build up to the grand fenarley. Drama is one of the most popular types of genre to use as it easily intreges the audience to want more and more drama this is why the soaps are so popular right? Well in a movie for example taken, the film has drama as it builds up from the moment his daughter leaves for france showing the worrying father and how it shows the villen in numerous shots before something happens looking very shady building up the drama and then he kidnaps her and her father must try and save his daughter before she is taken forever. Editing for this consists of very important music scenes to show the emotion of the character, different colours (tints) to show different moods e.g. red = danger , blue = sadness etc. all the special effects for the guns and the sound effects of the guns themselves, the sounds of all the doors closing, the cars, you name it they have to have a sound for it.

Relationship to genre: this is when editors will edit things differently relating to whatever genre it may be so for example horror would be fast paced, dark, loud and will suddenly go quiet and loud again, this makes the audience interested if the editing and shots are in relationship to the genre.

Creating: the purpose of creating is to create something that the audience understand clearly and something that is accurate to what the director intended. The creation of a film is important because if the image is to go wrong then it may not look as good as intended. If poorly made then the audience will not be interested in watching and if the storyline isn’t seen as clear than people will lose interest quickly.

Motivation: the purpose in motivation in production is to motivate people around you to make the best film possible, to want to be there and a part of this production. In another sense motivation would be to motivate the audience into wanting to watch the film or to feel a certain way in a film using different editing techniques and camera angles to make an audience motivated to watch that certain genre of film. An example would be if someone was looking at something serious that motivates the editor to then cut to another shot of the thing this person is looking at.

Combining shots into sequences: is a way of saying combining content into a sequence that makes sense to an audience. This is to make the movie flow and to make the audience watch it without any problems. This sequence makes it easier for people to follow for example if there was no sequence there would be no film it would just be a montage of movie clips that have minimal purpose or it could be a jigsaw puzzle if you like that type of thing.

Creating pace is when a film speeds up or slows down a moment for an effect on the audience. This is used in many action movies they tend to slow down certain action parts to show off the editing a little, would you blame them right? In Kingsman there is a slow motion scene when the main protagonist is fighting with a girl with blades for feet and while in mid-air shows slow motion of him dodging her blade which created suspense in the audience. A bad example of this slow motion being used and relates back to wanting to keep the audience entertained well.. suicide squad has a slow motion scene towards the end where Harley Quinn’s gun is fired by deadshot (the man that can’t miss a single shot) well this scene is slow motion he is about to shoot a bomb that will save the day this slow motion scene lasts FOREVER!! And the audience is completely annoyed and irritated due to the fact we already knew deadshot couldn’t miss so it was completely pointless, too long and bad editing.

The future of editing

After this long journey, computers became more popular that this lead to 1991 being the year of history when Adobe editing software was released making editing easier than ever. This editing software allowed film editors to have timelines, editing progress on a screen, quickly and easily with easy tools and complete control with the film on a computer based system so you're able to travel to any point in the movie back and forth and to create montages with a full line of effects.

refrences http://getintopc.com/softwares/video-editing/adobe-after-effects-plugins-megapack-free-download/
https://helpx.adobe.com/after-effects/tutorials.html

this is not only the software that is available there are software's such as final cut pro that allow the same things only its a bit easier for people to use.

the future of editing can only progress from here and become stronger for the future. allowing editing to become easier and more advanced to make what we watch more spectacular.

CMX System and ECS-1

What is the CMX system?

The CMX system is an editor that revolutionised editing in 1971 by being the first ever editing system that didn't need 

The CMX has a right monitor to preview the footage and cut footage as being able to see it and the right monitor was to see the edited video. this came with a light pen to select any options what wore needed including putting text and other things over a video and this could add sound and music to the film.

Here is what the CMX looks like :)

references:- http://kechnclalita.blogspot.co.uk/2015/12/development-of-editing-technology.html

the screens made editing a lot easier and quicker for film creators and let them do a lot more with editing than they could with the old editing ways. This was the road to the future of editing, allowing creators to cut content, add effects and see visually what they are editing.

What is the ECS-1?

The ECS-1 was developed after the CMX system in 1984 which editors loved due to it having a anolog stick that allowed editing to be alot quicker and easier. The size of the editing machine was the size of an average computer meaning it was alot smaller than the CMX and was the first editing machine to use icons and won an award and could montage film clips.

Wilhelm Steenbeck 1931

Who is Wilhelm Steenbeck? 

This man is a man that decided to create a company called Steenbeck which was introduced in 1931 as a film editing company located in Germany. This company had more than 25 thousand functional machines world wide.

At the beginning the ST200 was created and allowed 16mm to be edited with sound and playback using flatebed 16mm 4 plate. lets just put that in English for you, this allowed 16mm film to be edited using 4 plates, and could add sound and could play back footage. This was introduced in 1953.

This revolutionised the media industry when it came to editing.

Shortly after in 1954 the ST100 was released that allowed people to edit using 35mm film which meant higher quality because the larger the film, the more equality the film would have.

After all of this was developed, these wore then combined the function to edit 16mm film and 35mm film with 4 plates on the same editing machine.

This Steenbeck is editing with 16mm film.


reference https://www.flickr.com/photos/nigelbewley/8169839049


The difference between 16mm film and 35mm film is that 35mm may cost alot more but is far better quality than 16mm and film makers with high budgets would choose 35mm in a heart beat for the best result of the filming.



reference https://www.scart.be/?q=en/content/short-guide-identify-nitrate-films-and-vinegar-syndrome-degradation-audio-visual-collections


The steenbeck changed editing history with the ability to edit 16mm and 35mm and then proceeded to develop to make editing better for film makers.

cinematography 1895

That's right cinematography has been around since 1985 and was created by the Lumiere brothers

what is cinematography?

This is a certain movement or shot in a film. Sounds simple right ? Not at all, different movement can show a wider or shorter view of a situation that can change the audiences emotions to fit what the director wants them to feel. This means you're aiming for 100's up to millions of people to feel the same as viewing certain scenes for example a shot zooming into someone crying and showing the sad thing behind them would make the audience feel more upset as they wouldn't be able to focus on anything else, intelligent right? With different shots , there are a big variety of shots that can be used such as close ups, medium close ups,extreme close ups, wide shots, weather shot, group shot. That's only a small example of the amount of shots that are in use in film.

So where did this all start, well in 1985 the Lumiere brothers took a different approach to film and created a film of a train going into the station. This is when cinematography took off due to the fact this film which is only 49 seconds long was of a train entering a station and due to the certain shot used it looked as though the train was coming towards the audience and people even jumped out the way thinking this would hit them because nobody had seen anything like this before. To be honest I wouldn't blame them I would of ran for my life if I'd never seen this been used in film and actually believed a train was about to hit me :D


want to see this train clip ? here it is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1dgLEDdFddk


How was this the beginning of editing? well isn't it obvious without this, creators wouldn't of seen the creative value a film had to explore and how different shots can affect an audience.

What is editing?

Editing is what brings a movie to life, editing is used to combine video clips together, combining effects and sound to these video clips let it be a filter such as black and white or a soundtrack or a sound effect to really bring the movie to life. You can also cut video clips at certain areas and combine them to others, speed or slow down. These are only a sample of what editing is used for but if I wore to tell you everything you can do then we'd be here for a while X_X